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Opiate Abuse Increasing Among Pregnant Women

May07
2012
Leave a Comment Written by Bailey Rahn

Recent medical research published in The Journal of the American Medical Association has found a sharp increase in the number of infants born with opiate withdrawal symptoms in the U.S. Since 2000, babies born with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has multiplied threefold while the number of pregnant women found using opiates has increased fivefold.

Over 4,000 U.S. hospitals were examined by researchers for this study, and surveys supported the conclusion that infants born with opiate withdrawal symptoms experience major health complications and extended hospital stays. Symptoms of NAS primarily include prematurity, low birth weight, respiratory problems, and seizures. While healthy newborns typically stay in the hospital for about three days, newborns diagnosed with NAS must stay for up to 16 days to receive specialized care.

Researchers also considered women using opiates during birth, but these newborns did not exhibit the same withdrawal symptoms as those exposed to opiates in utero, with 60% to 80% of these infants developing NAS.

Despite this surge of opiate-addicted mothers and newborns, research observed that treatment options and detoxification protocols are still lacking in hospitals. For now, the one in every thousand infants affected by NAS must stay for specialized treatment, producing large hospital costs that are passed off to the state. Since many of these opiate-addicted mothers come from a low-income background, the financial burden falls on state programs. These newborns with NAS are generating costs exceeding the state’s health budget, and are creating a problem in need of immediate attention

The editorial released alongside this study suggests, “Future directions in NAS research must address the need for clinical trials of new medications to establish optimal protocols for maternal opiate dependence with particular focus on methadone treatment induction of the mother early in pregnancy, maternal adherence to treatment, ancillary alcohol use monitoring, and psychiatric care.” With the urgency of neonatal abstinence syndrome identified, researchers are now hope to produce more effective treatment and preventative approaches for pregnant women with opiate-dependence.

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Ayahuasca

May01
2012
Leave a Comment Written by C. Chance Campbell


An ancient brew from the Amazon that can help cure addiction?

Traditionally brewed ayahuasca.

Supposed addiction treatments are rampant these days, but here’s one that’s so surprising it might just work: ayahuasca, the hallucinogenic Amazonian brew.  An article published yesterday in Indian Country Today Media Network discussed Dr. Gabor Maté’s prescription of ayahuasca to wean addicts from a variety of addictions.

Ayahuasca—alternately called “vine of the soul” or “vine of death”—is a brew of leaves and roots that operates pharmacologically by supplying the brain with both MAOI and DMT.  MAOI(s) are enzyme inhibitors that reduce pain; DMT is a hallucinogen that can induce varying states of altered consciousness, from mild psychedelic experiences to entirely new realities.  It’s certainly not a common addiction treatment drug, but Maté is no common addiction treatment professional.  In fact, according to him, most addiction treatment options available today are missing the point.

Maté takes issue with mainstream addiction treatments because they “completely ignore causes and deal only with effect.”  According to Maté, addiction itself is a symptom, and its causes are personal and societal.  Before attempting ayahuasca based treatments, Maté worked with addicts in downtown Vancouver, BC.  What he discovered was troubling: “Everybody I work with has been traumatized as children. Everyone. All the women, for example, have been sexually abused.… It’s not just my personal interpretation. The research literature is totally clear: Drug addicts, almost without exception, suffered severe adversity in childhood, and that’s exactly how addiction arises.”

Maté thought: if addiction results from attempts to heal psychological wounds that were inflicted during childhood, traditional treatment methods won’t work.  Methadone, Subutex, all of these replacement may treat addiction symptoms, but they don’t treat the root causes of addiction: the trauma for which—consciously or unconsciously—addicts ‘self-medicate.’  This perspective informed his approach as he developed a plan for an addiction treatment centered around ayahuasca.  He wanted to induce in addicts a mental state that allowed them to fully reconsider their lives and purge their past traumas and failed ways of living.  So, working with a BC First Nation tribe and several CARBC researchers, he set up two four day retreats to speak with addicts about addiction and guide them through an ayahuasca experience.

According to Phillipe Lucas (CARBC), Maté started the retreats with a surprising question: “He starts out by asking, first and foremost, what was positive about peoples’ addictions, which was fascinating to observe. It really cut to the chase. People’s responses were that it gave them a sense of belonging, that it filled an emotional hole in their heart. So he [explained] it’s pretty normal for people to not want to be in pain, for people to want to feel they belong. And so the idea that people would seek a substance if nothing else were available to them to reach those outcomes is not an unusual step. In fact he said it was very normal under the circumstances and the trauma these people have suffered that they seek an outlet like this and that they shouldn’t be shaming themselves.

Dr. Gabor Maté.

“And then he asked folks what’s negative about their addiction, and the responses were the very thing that was positive in the first place in that eventually it made them feel bigger holes in their heart, and made them feel more disconnected from their loved ones, it made them feel more pain rather than less pain.”

The entire first day of the retreat consists of this kind of self-evaluation and group therapy.  The second day, according to Lucas, “the entire group is together and the room is darkened. The head ayahuasquero is there with two or three apprentices, and on top of that, there were two or three other helpers from the band health office to assist. So it has a very high safety level. People drink the [ayahuasca] brew. There’s about an hour of silence and it’s dark while the brew takes effect. Then the ayahuasqueros start chanting songs, known as icaros, that both call in the healing spirits and also help with the purging.

“Part of the ayahuasca process—for most people—is purging, vomiting. It’s not a drug experience, per se. You wouldn’t take this for a rave.… It’s mostly very internal. Most people lie very still, other than the purging.”

In purging, the idea is for the addicts to spiritually dispel their addictions along with their past traumas. Ideally, the post-ayahuasca addict is not an addict at all; he or she is an individual who has had a spiritual experience, come to a new understanding of his or her relationship with drugs, and who is ready to move on to a new life.

From following some of the people who underwent Maté’s treatment, the treatment appears to have had positive effects for the addicts.  According Lucas, “the early signs are that this has been a very successful intervention.” The BC First Nation tribe’s health director saw similar results, stating; “I would say definitely there was some good. The key now [for participants] is integrating their experience into their lives.”

Despite the positive outlook for ayahuasca as an addiction treatment, the Canadian national health agency (Health Canada) has banned Maté from running further ayahuasca retreats.  Similarly, DMT is illegal in the United States, and while most of the plants from which ayahuasca is brewed are legal, the inclusion of any DMT providing plants makes the brew illegal.  People hoping to try out this ayahuasca treatment legally have at the very least a long wait before governmental agencies study and confirm its healing potential.

 


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New Potential for Anti-Addiction Medication

Apr25
2012
Leave a Comment Written by Bailey Rahn

Image by Yekaterina Kadyshevskaya, PSI:Biology GPCR Network, The Scripps Research Institute.

According to a recent study funded by the National Institute of Health, new medication for drug addiction is on its way as researchers learnmore about another opioid receptor subtype in the brain known as the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). KOR is the only known opioid receptor which counteracts a drug’s pleasurable effects, making it valuable in the development of anti-addiction medications. Many current medications are designed to act on other opioid receptors which are associated with chemical dependence. However, the kappa opioid receptor treats addiction, pain, and mental illness without having its own addictive characteristics, making it particularly useful for those struggling to kick addictions to other drugs such as cocaine and heroin.

NIDA Director Dr. Nora D. Volkow states, “This research could aid in the development of effective medications for the treatment of drug addiction, particularly to stimulants like cocaine, for which there are no medications currently available. It may also be valuable for the development of safer pain medications.”

This study looks at the effect of the antagonist called JDTic on kappa opioid receptors since this compound has had success in treating cocaine relapse in test subjects. Using high-resolution models, scientists examined how and why JDTic binds to the KOR. Using this information, researchers are hoping to introduce new, low-risk approaches to anti-addiction medication.

Sources:

National Institute on Drug Abuse

http://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2012/03/study-provides-clues-designing-new-anti-addiction-medications

http://www.abhbusinessjournal.com/News/News042012/ResearchNewsPage042012.html

 

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Prescription Painkillers: A Growing Trend

Apr09
2012
Leave a Comment Written by Bailey Rahn

It has become common knowledge that legal drugs are not necessarily safe drugs, but recent figures released by the DEA suggest more people are ignoring this fact as the years go on. Prescription painkiller sales have skyrocketed in the last decade, and reports show that in 2010 alone 69 tons of pure oxycodone and 42 tons of hydrocodone were dispensed nationwide. These amounts are up to sixteen times what they had been in the U.S. ten years ago.

Researchers are now wondering why these figures have risen so quickly and drastically. Some have observed that medical professionals are more willing to prescribe opiate painkillers to patients. The evidence of this hypothesis is disturbingly well-grounded, and even in my personal contact with psychiatric specialists, I have observed opiates being suggested to treat symptoms of depression and what one doctor described as “cannabis withdrawal.” Clinics like these that prescribe painkillers based on a single consultation have come to be known as “pill mills” and may very well be a leading cause of the painkiller abuse trend.

Others speculate that prescription drugs are not being monitored properly and allow addicts and abusers to simply change doctors when they are cut off. The reason for this is that prescription painkillers are supervised at a clinical level and individual patients are not specifically observed. In other words, the DEA monitors the distribution of painkillers to pharmacies, but not how much each individual receives from that pharmacy.

These reasons aren’t enough to pinpoint the cause of the painkiller trend. All of these speculations can be traced back to the one overarching problem of opiate painkillers: they are extremely addictive. Not all patients request painkillers with the intention to abuse them. Rather, their addiction spawns from what was once considered a “need.” As patients use opiates to relieve pain, they build a tolerance to the drug. Over prolonged use, this threshold rises and the dose required for the desired effects increases. For many people, opiates were a legitimate remedy for severe pain but they soon developed a physical dependence on them, resolvable only through drug rehabilitation. Furthermore, with the recent explosion of painkiller abuse, the US no longer has enough rehabilitation centers to service these numbers.

Prescription painkillers are increasingly more accessible, and the DEA’s current methods of supervision are not sufficient in stopping it. Over 20,000 people died of prescription drug overdose in the U.S. in 2008, triple what it had been in 2000. According to recent trends, it is fairly clear that the problem is embedded in our health system. Some patients may not be completely aware of the risks of prescription painkillers, and as this is combined with the hastiness of doctors to prescribe medication, we have an epidemic of a new sort. These recent trends should be enough to prompt some kind of reform in medical practice. The solution is not clear-cut, but it is important to recognize the dangers in the current practice and how they connect and feed into each other. Treating anything with a potentially dangerous substance is in itself circular and distorts notions of “recovery” altogether.

Sources:

  • http://www.justice.gov/dea/
  • http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6043a4.htm?s_cid=mm6043a4_w#tab1
  • http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/story/2012-02-06/dea-cvs-oxycodone-raid/52994168/1
  • http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46965453/ns/health-health_care/

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Posted in Current Events, Drug News, News, Prescription Drug Abuse

Medical Marijuana Patients Question Legalization Measures

Mar26
2012
Leave a Comment Written by Bailey Rahn

Washington state will be voting on an initiative, I-502, to legalize marijuana, and if it passes the November 2012 ballot, it will be the first state to install laws regarding the legal recreational use of marijuana. Seattle has held many annual events such as the Seattle Hempfest festival which draws thousands of people each year to promote strides toward legal protection for marijuana users.

However, many medical marijuana patients of Washington state feel that their rights are being swept away by this initiative, particularly their right to drive. Washington’s I-502 would place a limit on drivers’ THC blood concentrations. Users over the age of 21 caught driving with a THC concentration over 5 ng/mL will face DUI penalties, and those under 21 will face similar penalties for any trace of THC in their system. For many medical marijuana patients who frequently remedy pain or illness with their medical cannabis, this THC concentration of under 5 ng/mL will be impossible to maintain.

Patients and researchers are concerned with this figure, arguing that the 5 ng/mL is an arbitrary number with little scientific basis. Franjo Grotenhermen, a German pharmacologist studying the effect of cannabis on drivers, states, “Scientific evidence on cannabis and driving is not yet sufficient to permit the selection of a numerical enforceable THC limit with the same level of confidence as for alcohol.” According to the initiative, only up to 1% of the revenue created by state-regulated marijuana sales will go back into marijuana research and its effects on users.

This leads to the question, is Washington ready to design recreational marijuana laws? Medical marijuana patients would say that recreational users and lawmakers are being too hasty. One primary purpose of I-502 is to eliminate criminal charges against marijuana possession, but frequent users with a high tolerance of cannabis risk charges every time they get behind the wheel of a car. Traces of THC are detectable even days after use and may not accurately determine impairment. That being said, opponents of I-502 are wondering if legalization will actually be penalizing fewer marijuana users.

Initiative 502 not only threatens medical marijuana patients’ rights to drive, but it would also halt access to medical dispensaries. Washington state dispensaries would be replaced by state-regulated stores, forcing patients out of the comfort and professionalism of specialized medical facilities and into stores where treatment becomes retail. Licensed medical patients currently enjoy the right to cultivate hemp in their home although this alternative would also be eliminated by I-502.

While Washington state’s majority agrees that recreational use of marijuana should be legalized, I-502 creates a pedestal for questions regarding the law’s definition of criminality among marijuana users.

Sources:

  • “Developing Science-Based Per Se Limits for Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis (DUIC): Findings and Recommendations by an Expert Panel.” 2005. http://www.canorml.org/healthfacts/DUICreport.2005.pdf
  • Washington State Initiative 502 (full text): 2011. http://sos.wa.gov/_assets/elections/initiatives/i502.pdf
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Posted in Current Events, Legalization, Medical Marijuana

Does LSD Treat Alcoholism?

Mar09
2012
Leave a Comment Written by Britton Richardson

Can you kick an old addiction by taking a new drug? Some argue that you can.

According to a recent meta-analysis of alcohol studies from the 1960s and 1970s, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) may help alcoholics kick their habit. In these studies, those given a single dose of LSD were approximately twice as likely to decrease their alcohol consumption in the future.

But why is this information coming out now, if the study took place over 40 years ago? Unfortunately, LSD’s history of political and social controversy proved a significant obstruction, undermining the public’s acceptance of LSD as a treatment and making it nearly impossible for researchers to obtain government grants.

Researchers hesitate to speculate about their findings’ repercussions for the future of alcoholism, though they do note that LSD is a treatment that “has been largely overlooked.” It is notable, however, that while alcoholics were more likely to report decreased alcohol consumption in short- and medium-term instances (three and six months, respectively), the benefits did not carry on into the long-term (12 months). While this analysis offers some encouraging findings, alcoholics might want to hold off on dropping acid until more information is available.

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Youth, the Movies, and Binge Drinking

Mar05
2012
Leave a Comment Written by Britton Richardson

They watch a lot of movies.

When my brother and I were young, television and movies affected us probably more than
we were willing to admit. My brother, for instance, constantly called people “fools” and “idiots” after learning these insults from 101 Dalmatians villain Cruella de Vil, and I was constantly asking myself, “What would Chuck Norris do?” Our parents, aware of entertainment’s evil influence over us, banned many television shows and movies from our young, impressionable eyes and ears, from crude movies like Jim Carey’s The Mask, to violent television shows like Mighty Morphin’ Power Rangers. We were, however, allowed to watch Star Wars (thank heavens), which, as you might guess, launched us into full on lightsaber (a.k.a. plastic baseball bat) battles in the backyard (out of our parents’ sight, of course). These battles were epic, let me tell you. But the fun all ended when I determined to Jango Fett my brother and decapitate him. You might not know this, but after a crying brother runs to mommy, Jedi are no longer allowed to duel.

It shouldn’t come as much of a surprise that entertainment influenced my brother and me to make bad choices. But it’s all normal and  harmless, right? Actually, the entertainment youth experience may have greater implications. According to a recent study, movies portraying alcohol consumption can be an influential factor in causing young people to binge drink. The study took place in Europe, where a correlation was found across six countries with different cultural experiences of alcohol.

How did they do it? Researchers compiled a list of 250 the top-grossing films in Germany, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Scotland, and coded each for portrayed alcohol use. Students aged 10 to 19 were then asked if they had seen any of 50 randomly selected films on the list, as well as if they had ever participated in binge drinking.

The results showed a significant association between exposure to movies depicting drinking and adolescent binging (β-coefficient 0.12, P<0.001). It is worth noting that the study at best depicts an correlation (watching alcohol-heavy movies may have influenced students to binge drink, but prior binge drinking may also have influenced students to seek out alcohol-heavy movies after the fact).  The fact that similar results were found across countries suggests that  cultural differences in attitudes towards alcohol have limited influence, compared to media exposure, on adolescent binge drinking.

No doubt, we get plenty of alcoholic media content in America as well. Besides television and film, we see it in advertisements, which are often geared toward younger demographics. And while there’s nothing wrong with having a good time, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s fact sheet on binge drinking reports that 90% of youth under the age of 21 binge drink, while another fact sheet on underage drinking reports that 10% of underage drinkers drive after consuming alcohol, and 28% rode with a driver who had been consuming alcohol. The worry here is safety. While media may make drinking look cool and sexy, there is always another side to alcohol consumption—a side that killed 10, 839 people in 2009 from drunk driving, alone.

So while the young people of today may think it’s pretty cool that their favorite movie star can pound a few beers, kick  butt in a bar fight, and then get the girl, remember that there’s a side we’re not seeing. My advice? Take it easy. Maybe play Hungry Hungry Hippos instead. Whatever happened to that game anyway?

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A Dangerous Way to Sleep

Feb28
2012
Leave a Comment Written by Britton Richardson

American musician Warren Zevon is attributed with the saying, “I’ll sleep when I’m dead.” Well, according to a new study, too much sleep—if medicinally aided—might just kill you.  

The February 27 issue of BMJ Open released a study that associated increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and other fatal ailments with taking sleeping pills. Researchers found that people who took 1-18 sleeping pills per year increased their chances of death by over 3.5 times compared to people who took no sleeping pills at all.  Additionally, people who took more than 132 pills per year were five times more at risk than the pill-free public.

This may be a tough pill to swallow for those who rely on medicinal aids for a restful night’s sleep—a dependency composed of 56 million users in 2008, according to the Los Angeles Times. But this study’s findings should not be taken lightly. The study’s author, Dr. Daniel F. Kripke, notes that “it looks like sleeping pills could be as risky as smoking cigarettes.” And while the study only shows a correlation and does not prove causation, it may be worth keeping an eye out for alternate sleep strategies. Sheep counting, anyone?

Sleeping medications tracked in the study include Restori, Ambien, Intermezzo, Lunesta, Sonata, and others. The Mayo Clinic has more on sleeping pills.

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Five Weird Addictions You Need to Know About

Feb24
2012
Leave a Comment Written by Britton Richardson

Addictions aren’t just about drugs and alcohol. We have compiled a list of five unique addictions that are out of the box, but potentially just as dangerous. Many of these addictions go undiagnosed, so recognizing them may be the first step to getting help.

Cosmetic Surgery Addiction: They say beauty is more than skin deep. That might be true, but some still feel the need to compulsively make constant plastic adjustments to their body. Those with cosmetic surgery addiction will often see minor or even imagined physical flaws in themselves, and this compels them to go under the knife time and time again. Too many plastic surgeries, though, and you could end up becoming your own real life Barbie–but no word yet if the jeep is included.

 

Love Addiction: Addicted to love? Yes, it can happen. Love addicts are characterized by a chronic need/desire to have a romantic relationship. This means that love can be a drug, and addicts abuse and misuse it as much as any other type of addict would with their drug of choice. While Mr. Lennon has said that “all you need is love,” addicts may need to sing a different tune to recover.

 

 

Exercise Addiction: In a society where most would rather sit on the couch and crunch potato chips than do sit-ups and crunches, an addiction to exercise may sound appealing to many. But while many people could benefit from spending a bit more time at the gym, exercise addicts take it too far, exercising for hours a day while disregarding friends, family and personal responsibility. Yes indeed, too much of a good thing can be a bad thing.

 

 

Internet Addiction: Finally, an addiction for nerds. Okay, it’s not just for nerds, anyone can get addicted to being online. Internet addicts will spend most or all of their day online, and often times forget about the real world. While some have argued that the addiction is simply a symptom of bigger problems, there’s no denying that spending all of your time online can ruin your life. Well, at least the life outside of your World of Warcraft one.

 

Tanning Addiction: When you’re more orange than a Halloween pumpkin, you may be addicted to tanning. Addicts typically love the sensation that tanning gives them, which includes a “high” that one gets from abusing any type of drug. Additionally, some suffer from body image issues, which includes a feeling that their skin is too light. Ultimately, this addiction is not fan-tan-stic.

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Five Celebrity Addiction Success Stories

Feb21
2012
Leave a Comment Written by Britton Richardson

As many know, battling addictions can be tough. They ruin lives and prevent people from becoming all that they can be. It isn’t impossible to overcome addictions, though, and the following five celebrities are examples of how there is a life to found after drugs and alcohol.

Martin Sheen
The star of Apocalypse Now and Wallstreet, Sheen struggled with alcoholism early on in his life. The actor credits a strong faith and friends and family for helping him breaking his addiction. He is an active member of Alcoholics Anonymous, and has gone on to star in several successful films.

 

Drew Barrymore
Barrymore shockingly started drinking at the age of 9, began smoking marijuana at the age of 10, and did cocaine by 12. After a couple of stints in and out of rehab, including a failed suicide attempt, her move in with singer David Crosby, himself a recovering addict, and his wife seemed to start the child star on the right track. Today, Barrymore is a clean and very successful adult actress, and has starred in almost 50 films.

 

Robert Downey, Jr.
Robert Downey, Jr. grew up in a home where drugs were easily accessible, largely due to his father’s own drug habits. As a result, a young Downey began using illegal drugs by the age of 6, and these problems stayed with him most of his life. Though considered a promising young actor, multiple drug related arrests between 1996 to 2001 caused him to nearly disappear from the film industry, and significantly hurt his personal life as well. After finally checking into rehab in 2001 and becoming clean in 2003, however, Downey’s life and career have exploded in a big way. He has landed many big movie acting jobs since his recovery, including the lead in the blockbuster series Iron Man and Sherlock Holmes. Among factors he claims helped him with breaking his addiction is the practice of Kung Fu.

Craig Ferguson
Host of CBS’s The Late Late Show, Ferguson struggled with drugs and alcohol early in his life in his native Scotland. Primarily an alcoholic, Ferguson has said he used other drugs like cocaine because they allowed him to drink more. Now 20 years sober, Ferguson is very open about and often pokes fun at his past problems, but on occasion has talked seriously about it on his show. The link below offers Ferguson’s touching story in his own words. (Note: It’s a little long, but well worth it)

Video: Craig speaks from the heart

Josh Hamilton
The slugging Texas Rangers outfielder first became involved with drugs and alcohol during an injury in the minor leagues in 2001. With a lot of time on his hands, Hamilton started spending his days at a tattoo parlor, quickly making friends with drug and alcohol users. It wasn’t long before Hamilton started using drugs and alcohol himself, and he was soon hooked. His addictions led to a baseball career full of struggles, with failed drug tests leading to suspensions and lost faith from his organization at the time, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. After several failed stints in rehab, Hamilton finally became clean in October 2005. His recovery led to a quick rise through the minor leagues, and he made his Major League debut with the Cincinnati Reds in 2007. The next year he was traded to Texas and established himself as a superstar, getting voted to the All-Star game and also receiving votes for the league’s Most Valuable Player. Hamilton won the MVP award in 2010, and has helped the Rangers win American League pennants in 2010 and 2011. He credits his faith and family for helping him get back on the right track.

It hasn’t all been easy, however. Hamilton had a relapse with alcohol in March 2009 and another earlier this month. In both cases, he informed his family and Major League Baseball of his behavior the next day, and took and passed tests for illegal drugs. Hamilton’s story serves as a reminder that addiction never truly goes away. Instead it is condition that must be managed diligently, and Hamilton is the first one to acknowledge that.

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